Results with AmicBase

New findings obtained with AmicBase are a possible so-far unknown antifungal mechanism of action of nontoxic natural compounds or a method to find out fungal inhibitors having a specific mode of action.

Like penicillin, which was the first nontoxic drug to treat bacterial infections, (-)-alpha-bisabolol is the first broad spectrum antifungal compound having low toxicity towards mammalians. Further information is needed here to answer arising basic questions.


Publications

The majority of own published data analyses with AmicBase are shown next with some comments and links. The complete list is linked here.

One of publications is highly attractive to scientists: according to BioMedLib (March and August 2011) the publication entitled with: “Anticandidal Low Molecular Compounds from Higher Plants with Special Reference to Compounds from Essential Oils” turned out to be the most viewed article "all time" in MEDLINE being published in the same domain - see 2006 publications.

2010

Antimicrobial Properties of Volatile Phenylpropanes.

Pauli, A. ¹, Kubeczka, K.-H. ²

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany,
2 University Wuerzburg, Germany

Publication type: journal
Publisher: Natural Product Communications Inc., Westerville, OH (USA)
Date: Sept., 2010
Journal: Natural Product Communications
Issue: 5
Pages: 1387-1394
Year: 2010

The testing of antimicrobial properties of a large number of volatile phenylpropanes was enabled by finding methods to synthesize such compounds chemically on new routes. e.g. selective syntheses were established for elemicin and myristicin - well know constituents of nutmeg. In many food plants and  spices volatile phenylpropanes are present as naturally occurring compounds. The knowledge about their antimicrobial properties helps for answering questions, such dealing with food preservation, protection against mycotoxicns in food, alternatives to the use of eugenol containing clove oil in dentistry and others.

Invited article by Dr. Pawan K. Agrawal.

Abstract available in PubMed.

2009

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils Monographed in the European Pharmacopoeia 6th Edition

Pauli, A. ¹, Schilcher, H. ²

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany,
2 Immenstadt, Germany

Publication type: book
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Books, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (USA)
Date: Dec., 2009
Book title: Handbook of Essential Oils:
Science, Technology, and Applications
Editors: G. Buchbauer, K.H.C. Baser
ISBN: 9781420063158,
Pages: 349-543
Year: 2009

The antimicrobial properties of essential oils monographed in the actual European Pharmacopoeia are tabulated on ca. 170 pages. This is followed by a critical examination of the so far known scientific data respecting different testing protocols. Results obtained as laboratory vitro data were critically discussed with results obtained  in vivo administration of test compounds or essential oils. The data schedule itself presents the most comprehensive one found in literature so far.

Invited article by Prof. Dr. Gerhard Buchbauer

Abstract available at CRC Press.

2009

Anwendungsbeobachtungen mit dem Kamilleninhaltsstoff (-)-alpha-Bisabolol. Infektionen, Entzündungen, Wunden: 18 Fallbeispiele zu (-)-alpha-Bisabolol.

Pauli, A. ¹, Schilcher, H. ²

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany,
2 Immenstadt, Germany

Publication type: journal
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
Date: April 2009
Journal: Komplementaere und integrative Medizin
Issue: 50(4)
Pages: 27-31
Year: 2009
Language: German

18 observational reports with (-)-alpha-bisabolol are described. The compound from chamomile exhibited antimicrobial, wound healing and anti-inflammatory properies in in-vitro an animal experiments. Chamomile itself has a long tradition in healing wounds and treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and/or inflammations. Here the active principle of chamomile - (-)-alpha-bisabolol - was used successfully to treat such diseases.

Abstract available at ScienceDirect.

2008

Relationship between Lipophilicity and Toxicity of Essential Oils.

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type: journal
Publisher: Essential Oil Resource Consultants, La Martre, France
Date: June 2008
Journal: The International Journal of Essential Oil Therapeutics (IJEOT)
Issue: 2
Pages: 60-68
Year: 2008

Essential oils consist up to 100 or even more compounds. The mammalian toxicity of essential oils consisting of lipophilic constituents is low if compared to essentials having much chemically bond oxygen. To calculate lipophilicity values for entire essential oil, log P values of its constituents were respected. When examining toxicological data of essential oils and their calculated lipophilicities (log P) a significant dependence was found: increase in lipophilicity of an essential oil decreases its toxicity. In conclusion, highly lipophilic essential from essential oils are worthy for further pharmacological investigation due to their low toxicity and bioactivity.

Abstract available at IngentaConnect.

2007

Fallbeispiel mit (-)-alpha-Bisabolol zur Behandlung einer infizierten Hüft-Endoprothese.

Pauli, A.¹, Wölfel, R.², Schilcher, H.³

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany,
2 Klinikum Fürth, Chirurgie, Germany
3 Immenstadt, Germany

Publication type: journal
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
Date: Nov. 2007
Journal: Komplementaere und integrative Medizin
Issue: 48(11)
Pages: 35-38
Year: 2007
Language: German

Abstract: In der folgenden Kasuistik wurde ein Patient mit sich stetig in kurzen Zeitabschnitten wiederholenden Reinfekten an einer Hüft-Endoprothese mit dem Kamilleninhaltsstoff (-)-alpha-Bisabolol behandelt wonach eine 14-monatige Phase der Beschwerdefreiheit eintrat. Die Verabreichung geschah in Form von Bädern, wobei der Wirkstoff über die Haut aufgenommen und über den Blutstrom im Körper verteilt worden sein kann.

Article is not hosted by Elsevier Ltd.

2007

Kritische Anmerkungen zur keimhemmenden Wirkung ätherischer Öle und deren Bestandteile.

Pauli, A.¹,

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type:journal
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
Date: Nov. 2007
Journal: Komplementaere und integrative Medizin
Issue: 48(11)
Pages: 20-23
Year: 2007
Language: German

Abstract: Vergleiche bei der Untersuchung der wachstumshemmenden Eigenschaften auf Mikroorganismen von ätherischen Ölen und ihren Inhaltsstoffen mit den üblichen mikrobiologischen Testverfahren werden dargestellt. Die Interpretation von mikrobiologischen Hemmdaten im Zusammenhang mit den in der Aromatherapie üblichen niedrigen Dosismengen wird kritisch diskutiert.

Article is not hosted by Elsevier Ltd.

2007

AmicBase-Essoil 2000

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type:  CD-ROM database
Publisher: ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany
Date: Jan., 2007
ISBN: 9783981148510
No. data records: 45.005
No. compounds: 2.127
Availability: on request

2007

AmicBase-Essoil 2003

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type:  CD-ROM database
Publisher: ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany
Date: Jan., 2007
ISBN: 9783981148527
No. data records: 131.976
No. compounds: 6.203
Availability: on request

AmicBase-EssOil 2003 continues the information of the 2000 version and contains, in addition, information on antibiotics produced by microorganisms and licensed antibiotics being traded on the markets of North America, Japan and Europe. Number of data records is 131.976, number of compounds is 6.203, number of examined references is 2.732. This remake presents the last version of AmicBase that has been sold by ReviewScience in spring  2004. Database format: MS Access. This product is available on request only.

2007

Advertising by ReviewScience in Alternative Medicine, The International Journal of Essential Oil Therapeutics (IJEOT) and Townsend Letters for Doctors & Patients.

2006

AmicBase 2006 Update
AmicBase 2006 Plants Update
AmicBase 2006 Drugs Update

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type:  CD-ROM database
Publisher: ---
Date: winter 2006
ISBN:  ---
Start prices: not launched
No. data records: 200.700
No. compounds: 10.423

The above listed updates have been  worked out  from January 2006 to September 2006 after which the cooperation with the publisher was discontinued.

AmicBase 2006 Update contains 200.700 data records (25% increase) and covers 10.423 compounds. Main target were Japanese patents on antimicrobials, of which 250 have been incorporated with key information. The number of examined references increased from 3.638 to 4.796 (+32%).

AmicBase 2006 Plants Update contains 90.925 data records (18% increase) and covers 6.766 compounds.

AmicBase 2006 Drugs Update contains 70.372 data records (22% increase) and covers 612 compounds.

2006

Anticandidal Low Molecular Compounds from Higher Plants with Special Reference to Compounds from Essential Oils

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type: journal
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, USA
Date: March 2006
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews
Issue: 26
Pages: 223-268
Year: 2006

The activity of small molecular compounds from plants and animals against pathogenic Candida species have been summarized from AmicBase 2005 (A. Pauli, John Wiley & Sons). Active compound structures were scheduled and anticandídal mechanism of actions were reviewed. The anticandidal activities of world wide licensed antimycotics and antiseptics are tabulated.

This article is the most viewed one ALL TIME in MEDLINE being published in the same domain according to BioMedLib information dating from March and August 2011.

Abstract available in PubMed.

2006

Alpha-Bisabolol from Chamomile - a Specific Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor ?

Pauli, A.¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type: journal
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
Date: Jan. 2006
Journal: International Journal of Aromatherapy
Issue: 16
Pages: 21-25
Year: 2006

It was concluded that compounds having a side chain as shown in the image are specific inhibitors of fungal growth. Later this was confirmed morphologically in laboratory experiments. Obviously fungal cell was affected (ergosterol inhibition probable) and the action was lethal. Because compounds of this type, e,g, linalool and (-)-alpha-bisabolol, are nontoxic they were regarded as new leads in the development of antifungals. As documented in observational reports in 2007 and 2009 (-)-alpha-bisabolol can be used safely to cure human diseases, which resisted methods used in traditional medicine.

Abstract available at ScienceDirect.

2005

AmicBase 2005 Online

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type: online database
Publisher: (John Wiley & Sons, USA)
Date: November 2005
ISBN: 0471744085
Start price: 2.100 USD planed
Highest price observed: 0 USD
No. data records: 160.149
No. compounds: 7.474
Availability: non

AmicBase Online 2005 covers the full information content of AmicBase 2005 and should be published in November 2005. An internet catalog listing was already prepared by the publisher in August 2005, however, the database became not accessible via the Internet.

2005

AmicBase 2005

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type:  CD-ROM database
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, USA
Date: April 2005
ISBN:  0471743925
Start price: 8.600 USD
Highest price observed: 116.100 USD
No. data records: 160.149
No. compounds: 7.474
Availability: non

AmicBase 2005 is the parent database, of which an advertising webpage is still saved in the internet archive. It presents the largest collection available of properties of antimicrobials.

Users: Pharma research, pharmacy, e, food and agriculture, biosciences, cosmetics, chemistry, materials science, military, data mining.

Uses: Antimicrobials possesses a wide field of application in human and veterinary medicine, pharmacy, agriculture (crop protection, animal growth promotion), industries producing food, cosmetics, household articles, technical products. However, no common and comprehensive data collection exists about the antimicrobial properties of antibiotic drugs, individual compounds produced by higher plants or microorganisms, perfumery chemicals, cosmetic chemicals, antiseptics, disinfectants, preservatives. AmicBase offers a standardized compilation of such compound data. It enables a quick comparison of antimicrobial properties and specific searches. By this AmicBase 2005 supports the design of new medicinal and industrial products.

2005

AmicBase 2005 Plants

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type:  CD-ROM database
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, USA
Date: April 2005
ISBN:  0471743933
Start price: 5.200 USD
Highest price observed: 6.191 Euro
No. data records: 77.149
No. compounds: 4.986
Availability: non

AmicBase 2005 Plants covers almost 5.000 compounds produced by plants and is a part of AmicBase 2005. It contains fatty acids, preservatives,  perfumery and cosmetic chemicals consisting of the chemical elements C,H and O. Compounds generally recognized as safe (GRAS status) are indexed.
Users:  food and agriculture industry, biosciences, cosmetics, chemistry, materials science.

Uses: Development of topical treatment formulations in medicine or cosmetic. Plant derived compounds as supplement in animal feed. Stabilization of food, cosmetics or materials - possibilities and limitations. Studying structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of natural antimicrobials.

2004

Specific Selection of Essential Oil Compounds for Treatment of Children’s Infection Diseases

Pauli, A. ¹, Schilcher, H. ²

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany
2 Immenstadt, Germany

Publication type: journal
Publisher: MDPI Publishers, Switzerland
Date: Jan. 2004
Journal: Pharmaceuticals - free download
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-30
Year: 2004

In 2004 Dr. Alexander Pauli became editor-in-chief of the newly founded open access journal "Pharmaceuticals", which was supported by Prof. Dr. Yoshinori Asakawa (Tokushima, Japan) and Prof. Dr. Jan Karlsen. (Oslo, Norway) "Pharmaceuticals" is still managed by Dr. Shu-Kun Lin (MDPI Publishers, Basel, Switzerland).
The first contribution in "Pharmaceuticals" selects safe antimicrobials from essential oils. By means of newly calculated "Therapeutic Indices" the most interesting compounds were selected from AmicBase and complied together with further toxicological data.

Conclusion of this work: "Despite the limited value of essential oil compounds as oral antibiotics, the dermal ‘Therapeutic Index’ calculations may lead to findings, which are helpful in the therapy or in the supportive therapy of skin infections in children.  Inhalation of isolated compounds from  essential oil may be also useful in the support of therapy of respiratory tract infections. This data analysis shows that the natural resources of antimicrobials are not fully explored."

2002

From 2000 to 2002 results of AmicBase usage were presented  in three continents on scientific meetings and, in addition, contributions have been written for congress books and journals. A complete list of publications is linked here.

Some highlights:

Atlanta 2002, USA
Alternative Antibiotics with Specific Anti-Staphylococcal Activity
International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Program and Abstracts Book, March 24-27 (2002), p. 136

Eskisehir 2002, Turkey
Essential Oils and Aroma Chemicals with Anticandidal Activity
Candida Mikrobiyolojisi ve Infeksiyonlari Simpozyumu, June 21-22 (2002) - presented by Prof. Dr. Husnu Baser, Anadolu University, Turkey, International Council for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Vice-President

Tsukuba 2002, Japan
Antimicrobial Properties of Catechol Derivatives
Poster, 3rd World Congress on Allelopathy, August, 26-30 (2002)
Invited by Prof. Dr. Yoshiharu Fujii, Chemical Ecology Unit (NIEAS), Tsukuba, Japan, President International Allelopathy Society
and Prof. Dr. Francisco Macias, Univ. of Cadiz, Spain, Vice-President International Allelopathy Society

2001

Digne les Bains 2001, France
Essential Oils - Source of Useful Preservatives ?
Poster, 20e Journees Internationales Huiles Essentielles et Extraits, Sept. 5-7 (2001)
Invited by Dr. Jean-Paul Marion, Nestle Research Centre, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland

Mexico City 2001, Mexico
Comparison of the in vitro Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Natural Compounds with such of Antibiotics (plenary lecture)
and
Specific Selection of Essential Oil Compounds for Treatment of Infections Disease in Children (closing lecture)
24th International Symposium on Natural Products Chemistry: "Current Trends in Natural Products", Nov. 9 (2001)
Both  presentations were discussed and published later with Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Heinz Schilcher, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany and former head of the German Kommission E.
Invited by Prof. Dr. Carlos L. Cespedes Acuana

Grasse 2001, France
Specific Selection of Essential Oil Compounds for Treatment of Infections Disease in Children.
Pauli, A., Schilcher, H.
Lecture, 4th International Scientific Aromatherapy Symposium, Grasse, France, March 2-4 (2001)
Invited by Dr. Pierre Franchomme

1999

AMICBASE-EssOil - AntiMICrobial Compounds DataBASE of Essential Oils.

Pauli, A. ¹

1 ReviewScience, Zirndorf, Germany

Publication type:  CD-ROM database
Publisher: ReviewScience, Germany
Date: June, 1999
ISBN: none
No. data records: 28.184
No. compounds: 1.146
Availability: in original layout on request.

AmicBase-EssOil contains an almost complete 1875 to 1999 literature  review on the antimicrobial activity of compounds from essential oils. Number of examined references is 582.

1998

AmicBase was discussed with Prof. Dr. Anders Baerheim-Svendsen and Prof. Dr. Jan Karlsen at the University of Oslo (Pharmaceutical Institute) before publishing in 1999. The rough DOS data table has been made "user-friendly" thereafter and in the following the data became combined with software from CambridgeSoft Corp. to have full access to the chemical information.

The basic idea was "making everything comparable". In science names of organisms, of chemicals, of standard methods and units changed during the time. Antimicrobial examinations have been done over 150 years ago and methods greatly varied. In consequence, every test is displayed with a short description of the respective microbiological method used. Names of microorganisms are shown with the name used in the respective scientific publication plus the today official name, e.g. "Bact. coli" = Escherichia coli. In chemical nomenclature we have a similar problem, because different naming systems have been used in the past and collections of systematic names result from such classification systems. In addition, compounds derived from plants have often trivial names. The names, including trade names of drugs, became later an almost own part of AmicBase. The chemical structures are the next point for discussion. The final consequence was to shown drawings of the 2D- plus 3D-structures to show which stereochemical centers are defined, and in consequence, which 3D-structures are defined or not. There is sometimes much confusion in scientific literature to all such points mentioned above and not in all cases all facts seem to be clear.